Located 528 km from Santiago, and some 60 km east of La Serena, Vicuña was founded in 1821 by Joaquin Vicuña who gave it the name San Isidro de Vicuña.

The town stands on the upper reaches of the Elqui or Coquimbo river at about 700 meters above sea level, which, combined with its mediterranean climate and a good supply of water, has permitted the development of a rich and varied agriculture.

Its principal economic activity is the cultivation of vines, fruits, cereals, fodder and vegetables; furthermore there is livestock for the production of wool, and deposits of iron and copper, and the area is well-known for its celebrated pisco.

It is the birthplace of Gabriela Mistral and the museum which bears her name is the most characteristic feature of the town.